ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to point out the studies that describe variables that are associated with a positive impact on competitive performance in paralympic powerlifting athletes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were used to develop the study, and the studies were extracted from electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and EBSCO. A selection process was carried out by title, abstract and full text, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Initially, 154 studies were identified. After eliminating duplicates and applying the inclusion criteria, 8 original articles were selected for qualitative analysis. The results indicate that there are physiological and biomechanical factors related to sports performance. Placebo intake, use of creatine monohydrate, lean body mass percentage, genetic predisposition, and various short- and medium-term recovery methods, such as dry needling and cold water immersion, are physiological factors related to performance. Regarding biomechanical factors, it was evidenced that the measurement of bar grip is related to greater force production and average propulsive speed.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é apontar os estudos que descrevem variáveis que se associam a um impacto positivo no desempenho competitivo em atletas de para powerlifting. Para desenvolver o estudo foi utilizada as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews e Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) e os estudos foram extraídos de bases de dados eletrônicas como Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect e EBSCO. Foi realizado um processo de seleção por título, resumo e texto completo, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Inicialmente foram identificados 154 estudos que após a eliminação de duplicatas e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 8 artigos originais para análise qualitativa. Os resultados indicam que existem fatores fisiológicos e biomecânicos relacionados ao desempenho esportivo. A ingestão de placebo, uso de monohidrato de creatina, percentual de massa magra, predisposição genética e diversos métodos de recuperação de curto e médio prazo, como agulhamento seco e imersão em água fria, são fatores fisiológicos relacionados ao desempenho. Em relação aos fatores biomecânicos, foi evidenciado que a mensuração da preensão da barra se relaciona com maior produção de força e velocidade propulsora média.

Abstract Objectives: The objective of the study was to verify whether (FFM), maturity status (MS) and chronological age (CA) are determinants of physical fitness performance, and to analyze FFM and physical performance aligned by CA and MS in children and adolescents. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was carried out in 863 schoolchildren. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), FFM, fat mass (FM), MS (Age at peak height velocity, APHV) were calculated. The physical tests of velocity 20 m, agility 5 m × 10rep, and horizontal jump (HJ) were evaluated. Results: The APHV was estimated in boys at 14.0 ± 0.36APHV and in girls at 11.96 ± 0.49APHV. The relationships between CA and APHV with FFM was r = 0.80 in boys and r = 0.44 to 0.45 in girls. The relationships between FFM and physical tests in boys were [HJ (r = 0.70), agility 5m × 10rep (r = -0.68), velocity (r = -0.61)] and in girls [HJ (r = 0.42), agility 5m × 10rep (r = -0.52), velocity (r = -0.20)]. The differences in FFM and physical fitness tests were more pronounced when aligned by APHV than by CA. Conclusion: It was verified that both FFM, CA, and APHV are determinants of physical fitness performance. In addition, the APHV should be introduced in physical education as a means of ranking physical performance among schoolchildren.

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to characterise Brazilian participation in the Summer Paralympic Games between 1972-2020 and relate it to the historical-national, political and Brazilian Paralympic Committee’s strategic plan for the paralympic cycles. This paper also intended to compare Brazilian’s results with the best-ranked countries in Rio 2016. Until 2020, the Brazilian delegation was represented by 774 athletes, 251 of whom were medalists (70.9% men and 29.1% women) in 17 different sports, four collective and thirteen individuals. Regarding disability type, 64.9% of the medalist athletes have a physical impairment, 32.3% visual impairment and 2.8% intellectual impairment. During the analysed period, Brazil won 373 medals: 109 gold (29.2%), 132 silver (35.4%) and 132 bronze (35.4%). In conclusion, it is possible to highlight that the improvement in public policies, strategic plans and investments has favoured Brazilian’s results. In the last four Paralympic cycles, Brazil could consolidate itself, winning the largest number of medals in 2016 and reaching third place in accumulated growth (3.2%) between 1988-2020, surpassed only by China and Ukraine.

RESUMO objetivo do presente estudo foi de caracterizar a trajetória evolutiva do Brasil durante a participação dos Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão entre 1972-2020 e comparar com os países mais bem ranqueados nos Jogos Paralímpicos Rio 2016, buscando relacionar com o contexto histórico-político nacional e o plano estratégico do Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro nos diferentes ciclos Paralímpicos. Até os Jogos Paralímpicos realizados em 2020, a delegação brasileira foi representada por um total de 774 atletas, sendo 251 medalhistas (70.9% homens; 29.1% mulheres) em 17 diferentes modalidades, quatro coletivas e treze individuais. Com relação ao tipo de deficiência, 64.9% dos atletas medalhistas apresentam deficiência física, 32.3% correspondem à deficiência visual e 2.8%, deficiência intelectual. Durante o período analisado, o Brasil conquistou 373 medalhas em participações, sendo 109 de ouro (29.2%), 132 de prata (35.4%) e 132 de bronze (35.4%). A modo conclusão, é possível destacar o avanço nas políticas públicas, plano estratégico e investimentos que favoreceram que nos últimos quatro ciclos paralímpicos, o Brasil pudesse se consolidar entre as 10 maiores potências mundiais paralímpicas, conquistando o maior número de medalhas em 2016 e o terceiro lugar no crescimento acumulado (3.2%) nos Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão entre 1988-2020, sendo superado apenas por China e Ucrânia.

Abstract Introduction: physical growth patterns and nutritional status of children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude are not applicable for clinical assessment of growth for diverse populations around the world. Objective: a) to compare weight, height and body mass index (BMI) variables with CDC-2012 references; b) to verify if BMI and/or ponderal index (PI) are applicable to children living at a moderate altitude; and c) to propose percentiles to assess physical growth by age and sex. Methods: a total of 5,377 students, ranging in age from 6.0 to 17.9 years, were evaluated. The students were from two geographic regions of moderate altitude in Peru (2,320 meters) and Colombia (2,640 meters). Weight and height were measured. BMI and PI were calculated. Weight, height and BMI were compared with CDC-2012 references. Results: males showed lower weight and height from age 11 to 17.9 years compared to CDC-2012. Females weighed less than the reference from 9.0 to 17.9 years. Female height was lower from 6.0 to 14.9 years; however, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, values were similar to the reference. As for BMI, there were differences in both sexes (in males, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, and in females, from 12.0 to 17.9 years). Age, weight and height explained BMI: between R2 = 17 and 83 % in males, and in females between R2 = 24 and 85 %. These same variables influenced PI in a lower percentage in both sexes: for males (R2 = 0.01 to 49 %) and for females (R2 = 0.01 to 18 %). Conclusions: children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude in Peru and Colombia diverge from the CDC-2012 physical growth patterns. In addition, PI is a new alternative for estimating weight in relation to BMI. The proposed curves for weight, height, and PI by age and sex could have greater implications in the control of child health programs and in clinical and epidemiological practices.

Resumen Introducción: los patrones de crecimiento físico y el estado nutricional de los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada no son aplicables para la evaluación clínica del crecimiento de las diversas poblaciones del mundo. Objetivo: a) comparar las variables de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal (IMC) con las referencias del CDC-2012; b) verificar si el IMC y/o el índice ponderal (IP) son aplicables a los niños que viven a una altitud moderada, y c) proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico por edad y sexo. Métodos: se evaluaron 5377 estudiantes con edades que oscilaban entre los 6,0 y 17,9 años. Los estudiantes procedían de dos regiones geográficas de altitud moderada de Perú (2320 metros) y Colombia (2640 metros). Se midieron el peso y la estatura. Se calcularon el IMC y el IP. El peso, la estatura y el IMC se compararon con las referencias de los CDC-2012. Resultados: los varones mostraron un peso y una estatura inferiores de los 11 hasta los 17,9 años en comparación con la CDC-2012. Las mujeres pesaron menos que la referencia desde los 9,0 hasta los 17,9 años. La estatura de las mujeres fue inferior de los 6,0 a los 14,9 años; sin embargo, de los 15,0 a los 17,9 años, los valores fueron similares a los de referencia. En cuanto al IMC, se produjeron diferencias en ambos sexos (en varones, desde 15,0 hasta 17,9 años, y en mujeres, de 12,0 hasta 17,9 años). La edad, el peso y la altura explicaron el IMC: entre R2 = 17 y 83 % en los varones, y en mujeres entre R2 = 24 y 85 %. Estas mismas variables influyeron en el IP en un porcentaje menor en ambos sexos: para los varones (R2 = 0,01 a 49 %) y para las mujeres (R2 = 0,01 a 18 %). Conclusiones: los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada en Perú y Colombia divergen de los patrones de crecimiento físico del CDC-2012. Además, el IP es una nueva alternativa para estimar el peso en relación al IMC. Las curvas propuestas para el peso, la talla y el IP por edad y sexo podrían tener mayores implicaciones en el control de los programas de salud infantil y en las prácticas clínicas y epidemiológicas.

RESUMO Introdução: O Futebol de 5 é uma modalidade exclusiva para atletas com deficiência visual (DV) inseridos no processo de classificação visual como cegos – B1 (Blind 1). A deficiência e o treinamento de alto desempenho são fatores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de lesões esportivas. Objetivos: O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a prevalência das lesões esportivas em atletas com DV da Seleção Brasileira de Futebol de 5. Métodos: O método foi definido pelo estudo epidemiológico descritivo longitudinal. A amostra foi composta por dez atletas do sexo masculino da Seleção Brasileira de Futebol de 5, sendo dois atletas sem DV e oito atletas com DV com classificação visual B1, convocados para competições no ano de 2014. O questionário para a coleta de dados foi baseado no Protocolo de Lesão Esportiva no Esporte Paralímpico (PLEEP), expressando dados quantitativos analisados pela estatística descritiva. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que no ano de 2014, cinco atletas com DV tiveram sete lesões com prevalência de 62,5%, incidência clínica de 0,87 lesões/atleta/ano e 1,4 lesões por atleta lesionado. As principais lesões esportivas foram estiramento muscular (28,6%), pubalgia (28,6%) e periostite (28,6%). Todas as lesões ocorreram nos membros inferiores, afetando pernas (71,4%) e quadril (28,6%). A sobrecarga foi o mecanismo mais frequente (57%), sendo relatada após a ação técnica do chute e vinculada ao desequilíbrio muscular entre membros inferiores dominante e de apoio, além dos desajustes posturais típicos da deficiência visual. Conclusão: Frente ao exposto, atletas do Futebol de 5 apresentaram um padrão de lesões por sobrecarga decorrentes das repetições da ação técnica do chute, ocorrendo predominantemente em competições esportivas. Os dados epidemiológicos podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias na prevenção de lesões nesta modalidade esportiva. Nível de evidência II, Estudo prognóstico retrospectivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: 5-a-side soccer is a sports modality exclusively for athletes with vision impairment (VI) classified as blind - B1 (Blind 1) by the visual classification process. Type of impairment and high-performance training are factors that contribute to the development of sports injuries. Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the prevalence of sports-related injuries in visually disabled athletes of the Brazilian 5-a-side soccer team. Methods: The method was defined as a descriptive, longitudinal, epidemiological study. The sample was composed of ten male athletes, members of the Brazilian 5-a-side soccer team, including two athletes without VI and eight athletes with the B1 visual classification, who participated in competitions in 2014. The questionnaire for the data collection was based on the Sport Injuries Protocol for Paralympic Sports (PLEEP), expressing quantitative data analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: The results showed that, in 2014, five athletes with VI had seven sports injuries, with a prevalence of 62.5%, clinical incidence of 0.87 injuries per athlete per year, and 1.4 injuries per injured athlete. The main sports injuries were muscle strain (28.6%), groin pull (athletic pubalgia) (28.6%), and shin splints (periostitis) (28.6%). All sports injuries occurred in the lower limbs, affecting legs (71.4%) and hips (28.6%). Overload was the most frequent mechanism (57%), reported after the technical kick movement and linked to the muscle imbalance between dominant and supporting lower limbs, in addition to the postural misalignment typical of people with visual impairments. Conclusions: In summary, the Brazilian 5-a-side soccer athletes presented a pattern of overload injuries resulting from the repetition of the technical kick movement, occurring predominantly in sports competitions. Epidemiological data can contribute to the development of strategies to prevent injuries in this sport. Level of evidence II, Progressive prognostic study.

RESUMEN Introducción: El Fútbol 5 es una modalidad exclusiva para deportistas con discapacidad visual (DV) insertados en el proceso de clasificación visual como ciegos - B1 (Ciegos 1). La discapacidad y el entrenamiento de alto rendimiento son algunos de los factores que contribuyen al desarrollo de lesiones. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar la prevalencia de lesiones deportivas en deportistas con DV de la Selección Brasileña de Fútbol 5. Métodos: el método se definió mediante un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo longitudinal. La muestra estuvo conformada por diez atletas masculinos de la Selección Brasileña de Fútbol 5, dos atletas sin DV y ocho con DV, invitados a competencias en 2014. El cuestionario para la recolección de datos se basó en el Protocolo de Lesiones Deportivas en el Deporte Paraolímpico (PLEEP), expresando datos cuantitativos analizados por estadística descriptiva. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que en 2014, cinco deportistas con DV tuvieron siete lesiones, con prevalencia del 62.5%, incidencia de 0.87 lesiones por atleta por año y 1.4 lesiones por atleta lesionado. Las principales lesiones deportivas fueron estiramiento muscular (28,6%), pubalgia (28,6%) y periostitis (28,6%). Todas las lesiones ocurrieron en miembros inferiores afectando piernas (71,4%) y caderas (28,6%). La sobrecarga fue el mecanismo más frecuente (57%), siendo reportado después de la acción técnica de patada y vinculado al desequilibrio muscular entre las extremidades inferiores dominantes y de apoyo, además de los desajustes posturales típicos de la discapacidad visual. Conclusión los deportistas de Fútbol mostraron un patrón de lesiones por sobrecarga resultante de la repetición de la acción técnica de patada ocurriendo predominantemente en competencias deportivas. Los datos epidemiológicos pueden contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias para prevenir lesiones en este deporte. Este estudio tiene nivel de evidencia II, considerado un estudio pronóstico retrospectivo.

Abstract Introduction: during childhood and adolescence there is great individual variability in growth and biological maturation, resulting in differences in size, shape and body composition in children and adolescents of similar age. Objective: to propose percentiles to assess physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status (SM) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive (cross-sectional) study was designed in 7,292 children and adolescents (4214 boys and 3084 girls) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), waist-height index (WHtR) and SM were calculated through a non-invasive anthropometric technique based on chronological age and standing height. The LMS method was used to calculate percentiles. Results: the SM calculated in boys was observed at 13.7 ± 0.6 APHV (years of peak growth speed) and in girls at 12.1 ± 0.6 APHV. Percentiles were created for weight, height, WC, BMI, and WHtR. All anthropometric variables increase as MS increases in PHV years. Conclusion: the proposed percentiles are an alternative to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of SM in Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use of this non-invasive technique to be applied in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

Resumen Introducción: durante la infancia y la adolescencia existe una gran variabilidad individual en el crecimiento y la maduración biológica, lo que resulta en diferencias en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal de los niños y adolescentes de edad similar. Objetivo: proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez (EM) en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 7292 niños y adolescentes (4214 chicos y 3084 chicas) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila entre 6,0 y 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el EM a través de una técnica antropométrica no invasiva basada en la edad cronológica y la estatura de pie. Se utilizó el método LMS para calcular los percentiles. Resultados: el EM calculado en los chicos se observó a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento) y en las chicas a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Se crearon percentiles para el peso, la estatura, la CC, el IMC y el ICE. Todas las variables antropométricas se incrementan conforme el EM aumenta en APVC. Conclusión: los percentiles propuestos son una alternativa para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del EM en los niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren que esta técnica no invasiva puede aplicarse en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Abstract Introduction: the assessment of body composition is relevant and useful for designing interventions for healthy lifestyles and nutritional strategies. Objective: our goal was to verify the relationships between adiposity indicators with fat mass (FM), and to validate equations that allow predicting FM in young people with Down syndrome (SD). Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 48 young people with DS (24 men and 24 women). Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist-to-hip index (WHI), and waist-to-height index (WHtR) were calculated. FM was evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: age in men was 19.3 ± 3.0 years, and in women it was 18.9 ± 1.9 years; weight was 73.6 ± 14.3 kg in men and 75.8 ± 20.3 kg in women, and height in men was 168.9 ± 6.5 cm, and in women it was 156.3 ± 6.2 cm. In males the correlations between FM (DXA) with BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, BAI and WHtR ranged from r = 0.01 to r = 0.89, and in females from r = 0.10 to r = 0.97. The highest correlations were observed with BMI and WC in both sexes (males r = 0.78 to 0.92, and females r = 0.83 to 0.97). Regression equations were generated to estimate FM in males (R2 = 84 %) and in females (R2 = 96 %). Percentiles were calculated for MG per DXA and for each equation. Conclusions: there were significant positive correlations between BMI and WC with FM. These indicators were decisive for developing equations that estimate FM in young people with DS. The results suggest its potential use and application to evaluate, classify and monitor body fat levels in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

Resumen Introducción: la evaluación de la composición corporal es relevante y útil para diseñar intervenciones de estilos de vida saludables y estrategias nutricionales. Objetivos: verificar las relaciones existentes entre los indicadores de adiposidad y la masa grasa (MG), y validar ecuaciones que permitan predecir la MG en jóvenes con síndrome de Down (SD). Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 48 jóvenes con SD (24 hombres y 24 mujeres). Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y la circunferencia de la cadera (CCa). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de adiposidad corporal (IAC), el índice cintura-cadera (ICC) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó la MG mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA). Resultados: la edad de los hombres era de 19,3 ± 3,0 años y la de las mujeres de 18,9 ± 1,9 años; el peso era de 73,6 ± 14,3 kg en los hombres y de 75,8 ± 20,3 kg en las mujeres; finalmente, la estatura de los hombres era de 168,9 ± 6,5 cm y la de las mujeres de 156,3 ± 6,2 cm. En los hombres, las correlaciones entre la MG (DXA) y los parámetros IMC, CC, CCa, ICE, IAC e ICE oscilaron entre r = 0,01 y r = 0,89; en las mujeres, entre r = 0,10 y r = 0,97. Las correlaciones más altas se observaron con el IMC y la CC en ambos sexos (hombres, r = 0,78 a 0,92 y mujeres, r = 0,83 a 0,97). Se generaron ecuaciones de regresión para estimar la MG en los hombres (R2 = 84 %) y en las mujeres (R2 = 96 %). Se calcularon los percentiles de MG según la DXA y con cada ecuación. Conclusiones: hubo correlaciones positivas significativas del IMC y la CC con la MG. Estos indicadores fueron determinantes para desarrollar ecuaciones que estiman la MG de los jóvenes con SD. Los resultados sugieren su uso y aplicación para evaluar, clasificar y monitorizar los niveles de adiposidad corporal en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Abstract Objective: a) Establish reference values for bone parameters by using the speed of sound (SOS, m/s) of broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) and establish a bone quality index (BQI = αSOS + βBUA) for children and adolescents living in a region of moderate altitude, b) compare bone parameters with an international standard (with different ethnic, socio-economic, and lifestyle backgrounds) by using ultrasound of the calcaneus (heel bone) (QUS). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with children and adolescents between the ages of 6.0 and 16.9 years old. The sample was selected randomly. A total of 1322 subjects were studied. Weight, height, and bone parameters, using ultrasound of the calcaneus, were evaluated SOS, BUA, and BQI. Body Mass Index BMI was calculated. Results: The average age of males was 11.44 ± 0.35 years old, and for females, it was 11.43 ± 0.35 years old. The students in this research showed slightly higher values of SOS, BUA, and BQI for both sexes when compared with the international reference (the 50th percentile). Percentiles were generated (P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97) using the LMS method [median (M), standard deviation (S), and power of the Box-Cox transformation (L)] by age and sex. Conclusion: The students living at a moderate altitude showed slightly higher values in bone parameters in relation to the international reference. This pattern depicted a population with a better state of bone health. The proposed percentiles may be used to categorize adequate to at risk bone parameters based on age and sex.

Background: Excess fat mass (FM) has a higher risk of producing sarcopenia, physical deterioration and reduced quality of life in older people. Aim: To propose regression equations based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) to predict fat mass using double energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the gold standard. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 1,188 participants (523 men and 665 women) aged 60 to 85 years. Ten percent of these (59 men and 60 women) were randomly selected to propose FM equations using DXA. The remaining 90% was used to calculate FM and develop percentiles. Results: Two equations were proposed to estimate FM [men: FM = −29,502+ (1,912 * BMI) R2 = 79%, women: FM = −9,891+ (1,323 * BMI) R2 = 80%]. Ten, 50, 85 and 95 percentiles were developed to evaluate FM. Conclusions: This study developed reliable regression equations and referential values to estimate FM in older people.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o perfil somatotípico e a composição corporal de atletas da seleção brasileira de futebol de 5. Participaram 23 atletas do sexo masculino. Todos foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica e em seguida foram feitos os cálculos de índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), somatório de pregas cutâneas (Σ9DC) e somatotipo. Observou-se que apenas os goleiros apresentaram diferença significativa (p ≤ 0,05) nas variáveis de IMC, %GC e Σ9DC em relação às outras posições. Os goleiros apresentaram perfil endomorfo-mesomorfo, os fixos mesomorfo-equilibrado e os alas e pivôs, endo-mesomorfo. Concluímos que os goleiros apresentam diferença significativa de %GC quando comparados com as outras posições e apresentaram diferenças somatotipológicas significativas em relação às outras posições. O mesmo foi observado na posição fixo quando comparados com os pivôs.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the profiles somatotype and body composition of athletes of Brazilian 5-a-side football team. This study involved 23 male athletes. Were all submitted to anthropometric measurements and then were carried the calculations of body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), Skinfolds sum (Σ9DC) and somatotype. It was observed that goalkeepers differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in body mass, BF% and Σ9DC for other positions. The goalkeepers showed profile endomorph-mesomorph, the defender mesomorph- balanced, while the winger and pivot, endo-mesomorph. Concluded that the goalkeepers were significant differences in BF% when compared to other positions and showed significant differences in somatotype compared to other positions, the same was observed in defenders when compared with pivots.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los perfiles somatotípicos y la composición corporal de los atletas de la selección brasileña de fútbol 5. Participaron en el estudio 23 atletas masculinos. Todos pasaron mediciones antropométricas y después se realizaron los cálculos del índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC), la suma de pliegues cutáneos (Σ9DC) y somatotipo. Los porteros difieren (p ≤ 0,05) en la MC, %BF y Σ9DC con relación a otras posiciones. Los porteros mostraron perfil mesomorfo-endomorfo, los defensas mostraron un perfil mesomorfo-equilibrado y laterales y pivotes, endomorfo-mesomorfo. Llegamos a la conclusión de que en los porteros se encontraron diferencias significativas en el %GC en comparación con otras posiciones y mostraron diferencias significativas en el somatotipo de otras posiciones. Lo mismo se observó en una posición fija en comparación con los pivotes.

INTRODUÇÃO: A força muscular (FM) dos membros inferiores é um dos principais componentes exigidos para as ações específicas durante a prática do futebol de 5 e, quando apresentam níveis insuficientes, desequilíbrios bilaterais elevados ou acentuada diferença na razão agonista/antagonista (RAA) são fatores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de lesões musculoesqueléticas. OBJETIVO: A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os níveis de torque máximo, a diferença bilateral na produção de força e a razão convencional das musculaturas flexoras e extensoras do joelho em diferentes velocidades de execução. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 11 atletas deficientes visuais. Os atletas foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica para determinação da composição corporal e submetidos à avaliação com dinamômetro isocinético para a mensuração dos níveis de desequilíbrio muscular e razão convencional. RESULTADOS: Nos movimentos concêntricos da musculatura flexora foram observadas diferenças significativas no pico de torque (PT) entre os membros dominante (MD) e não dominante (MND) na velocidade de 60°.s-1 e 180°.s-1, no pico de torque normalizado (PTN) a 60°.s-1 e na velocidade de 180°.s-1 para os músculos extensores. Na RAA, observou-se diferença significativa entre MD e MND, e níveis aceitáveis de RAA em ambas as pernas, de acordo com o proposto para o futebol convencional. CONCLUSÃO: Espera-se que os resultados do presente estudo possam contribuir para os processos de prevenção, treinamento e reabilitação de atleta de futebol de 5, como também, servirem como parâmetros para futuros estudos.

INTRODUCTION: Muscle strength (MS) of the lower limbs is one of the main components required for specific actions during practice of 5-a-side football and when the levels are insufficient, elevated bilateral imbalances or marked difference in agonist/antagonist ratio (AAR) are factors that contribute to the development of musculoskeletal injuries. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess levels of peak torque, bilateral difference in force production and conventional ratio of flexor and extensor musculature of the knee in different speeds. METHODS: The study included 11 visually impaired athletes. The athletes underwent anthropometric measurements to determine body composition and underwent evaluation at the isokinetic dynamometer to measure the levels of muscle imbalance and conventional ratio. RESULTS: In concentric movements of the flexor muscles, significant differences were observed in peak torque (PT) between the dominant limb (DL) and non-dominant limb (NDL) at 60° .s-1 and 180°.s-1, the peak torque standardized (PTS) at 60°.s-1 and 180 °.s-1 to the extensor muscles. In AAR, there was significant difference between DL and NDL, and acceptable levels of AAR in both legs according to the proposed for conventional football. CONCLUSION: It is expected that the results of this study may contribute to the processes of prevention, training and rehabilitation in athletes of 5-a-side football, also, serve as parameters for future studies.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La fuerza muscular (FM) de los miembros inferiores es uno de los principales componentes necesarios para acciones específicas durante la práctica de fútbol de 5 y, cuando presentan niveles insuficientes, los desequilibrios bilaterales elevados o acentuada diferencia en la razón agonista/antagonista (RAA), son factores que contribuyen para el desarrollo de lesiones musculoesqueléticas. OBJETIVO: En este sentido, la propuesta del estudio fue evaluar los niveles de torque máximo, diferencia bilateral en la producción de fuerza y razón convencional de las musculaturas flexoras y extensoras de la rodilla en diferentes velocidades de ejecución. MÉTODOS: Participaron en el estudio 11 atletas con discapacidad visual. Los atletas fueron sometidos a evaluación antropométrica para determinación de la composición corporal y sometidos a evaluación en el dinamómetro isocinético para medir los niveles de desequilibrio muscular y la razón convencional. RESULTADOS: En los movimientos concéntricos de la musculatura flexora, se observaron diferencias significativas en el pico de torque (PT) entre los miembros dominantes (MD) y no dominante (MND) en la velocidad de 60°.s-1 y 180°.s-1, en el pico de torque normalizado (PTN) a 60°.s-1 y 180°.s-1 para los músculos extensores. En la RAA se observó diferencia significativa entre MD y MND, y niveles aceptables de RAA en ambas piernas de acuerdo con lo propuesto para el fútbol convencional. CONCLUSIÓN: Se espera que los resultados del presente estudio puedan contribuir para los procesos de prevención, entrenamiento y rehabilitación de los atletas de fútbol de 5, así como también que sirvan como parámetros para futuros estudios.

Este ensaio suscita uma discussão acerca da complexidade do esporte adaptado, diante da forma reducionista como o fenômeno tem sido definido ao longo do tempo. Entende-se que este é um construto complexo e, portanto, a abordagem para o seu entendimento deve ser de pensamento complexo. Foram discutidos os vários aspectos relacionados à prática do esporte pelas pessoas com deficiência e como os trabalhos devem ser conduzidos neste campo. Embora o esporte adaptado tenha efeitos positivos sobre variáveis como reabilitação e inclusão social, este não pode ser definido apenas com base nestas questões e sim como um fenômeno complexo e abrangente.

This paper gives rise a discussion about the complexity of wheelchair sports highlighting the reductionist way in wich the phenomenon has been defined over time. It is understood that this is a complex construct and therefore the approach for its understanding thought to be complex. We discussed various aspects related to the practice of sport for people with disabilities and how the studies should be conducted in this field. Although the sport has adapted positive effects on variables such as rehabilitation and social inclusion, this can't be defined solely on these issues, but as a complex and comprehensive phenomenon.

O presente estudo teve por finalidade estimar a potência aeróbia em atletas com LME praticantes de RCR, correlacionar os níveis de VO2máx com a classificação funcional (CF) dos atletas e analisar o comportamento da FC antes e pós-teste. A amostra foi composta por 10 atletas com LME, do sexo masculino e idade média de 29,6±6,5anos. Os atletas foram submetidos ao teste de corrida de 12 minutos e monitorados com o frequêncimetro cardíaco. A média do VO2máx foi de 18,3±8,1ml(kg.min)-1 e da FCmáx de 114,6±25,3bpm. Os valores de VO2máx obtidos no estudo são classificados como médio para a população com tetraplegia. Observou-se que existe correlação moderada (r=0,77) entre a CF e o VO2máx entre atletas praticantes de RCR e por fim, observou-se baixos valores de FC frente á um teste submáximo, fato que pode estar relacionado à diminuição da atuação simpática após LME.

The present study aimed to estimate aerobic power in wheelchair athletes with SCI. Other objetive was VO2max levels correlate with the functional classification of athletes and analyze the behavior of the FC before and after testing. The sample consisted of 10 male athletes with SCI and mean age was 29.6 ± 6.5 years. The athletes were tested for race 12 minutes and the heart rate monitor was used. The average VO2max was 18.3±8.1 ml (kg.min)-1, while the mean HRmax was 114.6±25.3bpm. The VO2max values obtained in the study are classified as medium for people with quadriplegia. It was observed that there is a moderate correlation (r = 0.77) between the functional classification and VO2max among athletes practicing WR and finally, was observed low values of HR will face a submaximal test, which may be related to decreased activity symphatetic after SCI.

O "Rugby" em Cadeira de Rodas é uma modalidade praticada por sujeitos com tetraplegia ou tetra-equivalência, desde 2005 no Brasil, onde existem aproximadamente 10 equipes em atividade. A avaliação motora é um dos meios de controle do treinamento que possibilita conquistar avanços no planejamento. A bateria "Beck" de testes de habilidades (manejo de bola, precisão de passes, bloqueio, velocidade e passes de longa distância) para atletas da modalidade foi desenvolvida nos EUA por Yilla e Sherrill (1998). O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os critérios de autenticidade científica da bateria para a população de atletas brasileiros. Os resultados de duas avaliações com a bateria (teste e re-teste) realizadas com 11 atletas (média de idade 27,59 ± 5,37 anos, tempo de lesão 8,19 ± 3,83 anos), foram registrados por três avaliadores, o que possibilitou a análise de objetividade, fidedignidade e consistência interna. Foram utilizadas as ferramentas ANOVA para análise de objetividade e, coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e teste t para análise de fidedignidade e consistência. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os resultados dos diferentes avaliadores (valores de p variando de 0,45 a 1,00) e os valores de correlação intraclasse encontrados (variação de r de 0,78 a 0,99) permitem concluir que a bateria é consistente e fidedigna. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo são evidências de que os critérios de autenticidade científica para a bateria são satisfeitos e a bateria pode ser considerada um instrumento válido para avaliação motora de atletas brasileiros de "rugby" em cadeira de rodas.

The Wheelchair Rugby is a sport practiced by subjects with tetraplegia or tetra-equivalence, since 2005 in Brazil, where there are approximately 10 teams in business. The motricity evaluation is a means of training control that allows achieve real progress in planning. The BECK battery of skills tests (ball handling, precision passing, blocking, speed and long distance passing) to wheelchair rugby athletes was developed in the U.S.A. by Yilla & Sherrill (1998).The aim of this study was to examine the criteria of scientific authenticity of the battery to the Brazilian athletes population. The results of two assessments with the battery (test and retest) with 11 athletes (mean age 27.59 ± 5.37 years, length of lesion 8.19 ± 3.83 years), were recorded by three assessors , which allowed the analysis of objectivity, reliability and internal consistency. We used ANOVA for analysis of objectivity and linear correlation and t test for analysis of reliability and consistency. No differences were found between results from different raters (p values ranging from 0.45 to 1.00) and the values of intraclass correlation coefficient found (range r 0.78 to 0.99 p < 0.00) indicate that the battery is consistent and reliable. The results of this study indicate that the criteria of scientific authenticity to the battery are satisfied and battery can be considered a valid tool for motricity evaluation of wheelchair rugby brazilian players.